![]() ![]() The resulting risks for the regeneration prospects of the translocated trees are discussed. nigra would involve moving southern populations toward the north of the species’ range and would result in introducing the genotypes of pines with poorly defended cones into areas where crossbills are comparatively more abundant. Results showed that cones from the northern pine populations exhibited more defensive traits against crossbill predation than cones from the central and southern populations, resulting in a geographic mosaic of selection. Data were analysed by means of linear-mixed effects models, canonical analysis of principal coordinates and random-forest analysis. Several cone and seed traits were measured in 740 cones collected at six stands distributed across the range of Spanish Black pine. In turn, this coevolutionary interaction might limit the future applicability of assisted migration as a tool to adapt forests of Spanish Black pine to ongoing climate change. salzmannii) and common crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) could have resulted in a geographic mosaic of coevolution in the Iberian Peninsula. The interaction between Spanish Black pine (Pinus nigra subsp. Our results suggest that annual resource variation does not prevent competitors from shaping selection mosaics, although such fluctuations likely prevent fine-scale geographic differentiation in predators that are nomadic in response to resource variability. griseus has incidentally defended cones against crossbills, limiting the geographic range of the interaction between crossbills and ponderosa pine. However, crossbill nomadism in response to cone crop fluctuations prevents localized reciprocal adaptation by crossbills. aberti, defenses directed at crossbills increased, favoring larger-billed crossbills and causing stronger reciprocal selection between crossbills and ponderosa pine. aberti, which was apparently overwhelmed by selection resulting from inner bark feeding that caused many developing cones to be destroyed. We found no evidence of seed defenses evolving in response to selection exerted by S. We extend these studies by examining ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), which produces more variable annual seed crops than the conifers in previous studies and often cooccurs with tree squirrels in the genus Sciurus that are less specialized than Tamiasciurus on conifer seed. Recent research demonstrates how the occurrence of a preemptive competitor (Tamiasciurus) gives rise to a geographic mosaic of coevolution for crossbills (Loxia) and conifers.
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